Diagnosis: Although Diagnosis is part of Pharmacy graduates but studying it as Clinical Pharmacology subject should inculcate the causes and first and foremost the definition. This also includes the Greek terminologies for the diagnosis, the disease and treatment. This is the basic to study the Diagnosis at theoretical level. Doctor of Pharmacy graduates have an exposure to the clinical ward rotation or stewardship hence deal with this area efficiently and effectively than ordinary B.Pharm graduates.

Pathological basis of disease: The most important is to teach the students the Greek terminologies. Several pathology textbooks give this as the First chapter and these terms to be remembered and of course there is a way to remember the pathological terms with terminologies. Further findings in Pathology and Clinical approach are part of common sense and know how. For example, administering a blood test for vitamin D3 deficiency and X-ray for aching joint pain is part or real common sense than only asking for the alone of the either. Further to advise Rheumatoid Arthritis Factor (RA) is part of expertise. The students should be trained in these areas and pathological findings are the basis of the diagnosis of disease.

Biochemical basis of disease: It is seldom seen that metabolic disorders should accompany with biochemical profile of the blood/ urine . The correlation between the biochemical profiles and the disease state should be taught with mild, acute and chronic conditions. This becomes the basis for the Clinical Pharmacology practice.

Rational prescribing: Rational Prescribing devoid of cut practice should be explained to the students. Adjuvants and synergists to the drug regimen should be explained and given preference while explaining the drug treatment regimens.

Potency: The biosimilars should be explained in many details. It is always better to do the correct treatment with what you have available at Home, clinic or hospital. Lower the dose with same pharmacological effect and efficacy should be explained to give preference than higher dose long initiation of action or short duration of Drug actions. Etoricoxib 60mg + Thiocolchicoside 4 mg is always preferred over Aceclofenac 100mg + Thiocolchicoside 4mg in orthopaedic conditions. To reduce the xenobiotic load on liver and other organs. Although both are NSAIDS.

Actual treatment regimens: Always remember each ailment and each complain should be addressed with one or more medicines while prescribing and care to be taken that it is devoid of any drug interactions. For example : Divalproate and Aripiprazole goes perfectly fine both in seizure patients and bipolar maniac patients rather than treating the same Quetiapine high dose and Risperidone combination.

Prognosis and dose tapering: The correlation between prognosis in a disease condition and dose tapering effects should be explained to the students. This has special reference in neuropsychopharmacology and clinical psychology.

Referencing: CIMS and MIMS, it is given under Pharmacological Monograph the most popular books have been stated here.

Medicinal chemical structures and correlation: This is not important from Physicians point of view but actual clinical pharmacologists what they see the organic chemical structures in textbooks of pharmacology is not biochemistry, but it is in real sense the Medicinal Chemistry. The Clinical Pharmacologists with Pharmacy background are well acquainted with this discipline and make accurate choices of drugs based on the Structure Activity relationships (SAR) and should be taught to the students in details. For example, in SAR of Hydantoins, Phenytoin alone is the most potent and accompanied with long duration of action than the other phenotypes or the substitutes in the same genre. This can be applied to make good choice of drugs for rational use and prescribing.

Receptor theory: Drugs act on receptor and receptors are in their localization to show both desired and untoward side-effect or adverse effect. Receptor Localization charts and diagrams should be taught while explaining the drugs. For example, localization of alpha-adrenergic receptor from CNS to Kidney can lead to better choice of Centrally acting alpha receptor Drug and explaining untoward side effects or ADRs on other organs or tissues and pharmacological effect.

Receptor theory: As described in point j. of clinical pharmacology teaching aesthetics section I.

ADR and Side effects: Activation of unspecific receptors leads to untoward and undesired effects. Further the difference between Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) and Side effect should be taught and explained.

Medicinal or Biochemical Chemical Basis of MoA: 90% of the drugs are organic medicinal compounds, proper basis of medicinal action are the functional group and heterocyclic nuclei. The correlation between SAR and pharmacological action should be taught in depth to correlated with mechanism of action. The MoA majorly occurs through various types of chemical bonding and need to be explained. For example: AchE has irreversible covalent bonding upto aging with Organophosphates before which the antidotes such as pralidoxime (2-PAM) work. Another example is phenoxybenzamine binds covalently with the Alpha adrenoreceptor.

Drug regimens: As described previously in section of clinical pharmacology, it should be taught in detail.

Dose: As described previously in section of clinical pharmacology, it should be taught in detail.

Biochemical & Pathological basis of disease: As described previously in section of clinical pharmacology, it should be taught in detail.

Pharmacological monographs: Should be explained with emphasis on its contents such as C/I, S/E, Indications, ADR, Dose, etc and should be dealt and taught in detail.

Design of experiments: Standard, control, test and vehicle should be taught along with standard battery of tests and stastical level of significance.

Animal experimentation: Handling of Animals should be taught in detail right away from operative procedures in CVS animal models till anaesthesia and euthanasia.

Observation: Now a days with digital cameras are used to record the observations however basics in each standard battery of tests such as plus maze, rat swim model, rota rod model, photo actometer, etc should be taught in detail.