Introduction
The Cynodon dactylon is traditionally for worship the god Ganesh. Herbal medicine represents one among the most popular important field of traditional medicine all over the world1, 2 To encourage the proper use of herbal medicines and assess their potential as a source of novel drugs.3, 4 The antibacterial activity of plants was investigated in this study. The presence of of β- carotene, vitamin C, palmitic acid, triterpenoids, selenium, alkaloids- ergonovine and ergonovinine, furfural, furfural alcohol, phenyl acetaldehyde, acetic acid and eicosanoic
The antibacterial activity of plants was investigated in this study.
The presence of β- carotene, vitamin C, palmitic acid, triterpenoids, selenium, alkaloids- ergonovine and ergonovinine, furfural, furfural alcohol, phenyl acetaldehyde, acetic acid and eicosanoic.2, 5 Diarrheal infections are major public problem in developing countries and contribute to the death of 3.4 to 6.1 million children annually.6, 7, 8
Infectious diseases represent a critical problem to health and they are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality world wide.9
Because of an increase in susceptible people, the incidence of bacterial and fungal infection has increased over the last decade.
Cynodon dactylon, also known as Bermuda grass, Dhoob grass, Durva grass, ethana grass, dubo, dog's teeth grass, Bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, arugampul, grama, wiregrass, and scutch grass, is a grass that grows all over the world. It is endemic to Europe, Africa, Australia, and a large portion of Asia. 9
Cynodon dactylon is a monocotyledon belong to the order Cyperales.
Cynodon dactylon (family: Poaceae) commonly known as dhub, doob, or harialil; other common names include durba (Bengali), garikoihallu (Kanarese), garikagaddi (Telugu), durua or haritali (Sanskrit), dhubkhabbal (Punjabi), durua (Marathi), and arugampul (Tamil). C. dactylon (L.) Pers. is a weed plant found in many regions such as East Africa, Asia, Australia, and Southern Europe.10
It is along jointed creeping grass with long branched rhizomes bearing many erect branches. The slender stem may end bearing a group of several narrow finger like spreading spikes.
Raw juice of the grass is used in fresh wound, cut, diarrhea and dysentery. The above plant was authenticated from the Department of Botany Arts and science College, Pulgaon.
This study shows antimicrobial properties of the plant.
Materials and Method
Plant extract method
The plant material collect from different localities was shade dried by cutting them into small pieces and powder in grinder.7, 8, 11, 12Bacterial culture
S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogens, Salmonella typhimurium ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtillis, E.coli , Proteus vulgaris and Candida albican were obtained from the Govt. medical college Yeotmal.
These were subcultured for further use. The culture were maintained on the Mullar-Hinton media (Himedia).
Antimicrobial activity
The grass extract were dissolved in the solvent (water and ethanol) have a concentration of 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 60 mg/ml and sterilized by filtration using 0.22 micron filter.
Antimicrobial test were then carried out by agar diffusion method.
The bacterial suspension was standardized by using standard method by using spread plate technique.
The well of 6-7 mm diameter was made. The ethanol were used to prepare desired dilution with concentration of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/100 ml.
The 100ul of each dilution was poured into the well and the sample extract were allowed to diffuse and incubated at 370 C for 24 hours.
In this study, the antibacterial activity of C. dactylon ethanol and aqueous extract against microorganisms was investigated and their potency was quantitatively examined by the presence or absence of inhibition zone and zone diameter.
Phytochemical Analysis
Screening for alkaloids: Five mL of the extract was heated with 2N HCL (5mL), the mixture was filtered, and a few drops of Mayer's reagent were added to the filtrate. The presence of alkaloids is quickly indicated by the formation of a cream-colored precipitate.
Screening for saponins: In a test tube, 5mL of the extract was heated in 10mL of distilled water for 30 seconds before being agitated briskly for 30 seconds and allowed to stand for half an hour. The presence of saponins is indicated by the formation of foam.
Screening for tannins: A few drops of 1% lead acetate were added to 5ml of extract. The presence of tannins was shown by the formation of a yellow precipitate.
Screening for phenols: When 2 mL of the extract was added to 2 mL of Ferric chloride solution, the solution turned deep bluish green, indicating the presence of phenols.
Screening of steroids: 1 ml of extract was dissolved in 10ml of chloroform and an equal volume of Conc Sulphuric acid. The sides of the test tube were used to add Sulphuric acid. The upper layer turns red, and the Sulphuric acid layer turns yellow with green fluorescence, indicating the presence of steroids.
Screening for cardiac glycosides: A few drops of ferric chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid were added to the extract solution in glacial acetic acid, and the reddish brown coloration at the intersection of two layers, as well as the bluish green coloration in the upper layer, indicated the existence of cardiac glycosides.
Screening for anthraquinones: 5mL of the extract was heated with 10mL of Sulphuric acid and filtered while it was still hot. 5mL of chloroform was added to the filtrate and shaken. After pipetting the chloroform layer into another test tube, 1mL of weak ammonia was added. Color changes were noted as a result of the solution.
Screening for flavonoids: A few drops of weak sodium hydroxide were added to one mL of the extract. The plant extract created a bright yellow colour, which went colourless after a few drops of dilute acid were added. This shows that flavonoids are present.
Screening for terpenoids: After dissolving the extract in 1mL of chloroform, 1mL of acetic anhydride was added, followed by 2mL of conc.H2SO4. The presence of terpenoids is indicated by the formation of a reddish violet colour.
Screening for amino acids: A few drops of Ninhydrin reagent were added to one ml of the extract. The presence of amino acids is indicated by the appearance of purple colour.
Screening for reducing sugars: 5-8 drops of Fehling's solution were added to 1ml of the extract and heated before looking for the brick red precipitate.
Result
Table 1
Table 2
Anti microbial activity
Table 3
Result
The ethanol extract shows inhibition activity against Staphylococcus. aureus, Streptococus pyogens, B.subtilis, E.coli, S.typhimurium,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The ethanol and aqueous extract had no inhibitory activity against Proteus vulgaris.
The aqueous and ethanol extract of C. dactylon show antibacterial and antifungal activity.
According to false, the present findings give experimental proof that the leaf extract of Cynodon dactylon and bud extract of in D/W and methanol are utilized as a traditional treatment due to the presence of secondary metabolites. In the current investigation, the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, monosaccharides, amino acids, and protein was detected.
The present study show the ethanol extract of C. dactylon contains palmitic acid, triterpenoids, selenium, alkaloids- ergonovine and ergonovinine, antibacterial and anti fungal substance.
Discussion
Antibiotic provide the main basis for therapy of bacterial infection.
It is interesting to note that antimicrobial activity was highly pronounced in solvent extract as compared to aqueous extract.
This indicates that presence of more than one active principle in C. dactylon plant are rich reservoir of antimicrobial. It is observed that a single plant is known to contain serval active principle of biological significance.
